How to Implement Delay Tolerant Networks in ns2

To implement the Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) within NS2 (Network Simulator 2) that has encompasses to mimicking a network in which the intermittent connectivity, long delays, and high error rates are general. This network can use a store-and-forward mechanism to overwhelm these difficulties. We executing the DTNs within NS2 has needs some customization for the reason that NS2 is mainly created for real-time, continuous connectivity networks. The followings are step-by-step procedure to executing Delay Tolerant Networks in NS2:

Step-by-Step Implementations:

  1. Understand Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs)
  • DTN Basics: This networks are created to manage the communication in situations in which the network connectivity is capricious, like in mobile networks, sensor networks, or deep-space communication.
  • Store-and-Forward: In this network, data is stored at middle nodes until a sending opportunity becomes obtainable.
  • Routing Protocols: The delay tolerant networks are frequently use specific routing protocols, like Epidemic Routing, Spray and Wait, or Prophet.
  1. Set up the NS2 Environment
  • Install NS2: Make certain NS2 is installed and configured on the system.
  • Tcl Scripting: Acquaint our self with Tcl scripting within NS2, as we shall be used it to describe the network and DTN situations.
  1. Design the DTN Network Topology
  • Node Configuration: Make a nodes that denotes the devices in the DTN. These can be mobile devices, sensors, or other entities in a difficult communication environment.
  • Mobility Model: To execute a mobility model that reflects the intermittent connectivity in the network DTN. The nodes may move in and out of each other’s communication range.

Example Tcl Script for a Simple DTN Network:

set ns [new Simulator]

set tracefile [open “dtn_trace.tr” w]

$ns trace-all $tracefile

# Create nodes

set node1 [$ns node]

set node2 [$ns node]

set node3 [$ns node]

# Define mobility pattern

$ns at 5.0 “$node1 setdest 100 200 10”

$ns at 10.0 “$node2 setdest 300 400 10”

$ns at 15.0 “$node3 setdest 500 600 10”

# Run the simulation

$ns run

  1. Implement DTN Routing Protocols
  • Custom Routing Protocols: To execute the DTN-specific routing protocols within NS2. Because the tool NS2 doesn’t natively help to DTN protocols, we may require to execute these protocols by expanding the C++ codebase of NS2.
  • Epidemic Routing Example: In the Epidemic Routing, data packets are simulated and forwarded to various nodes to enlarge the chances of delivery.

Example C++ Code Snippet for Epidemic Routing (Pseudocode):

class EpidemicRoutingAgent : public Agent {

public:

EpidemicRoutingAgent() : Agent(PT_UDP) {}

void recv(Packet *p, Handler *h) {

// Store the packet if destination is not in range

if (!isDestinationReachable(p)) {

bufferPacket(p);

} else {

forwardPacket(p);

}

}

void bufferPacket(Packet *p) {

// Store packet in buffer

buffer.push_back(p);

}

void forwardPacket(Packet *p) {

// Forward packet to the next hop

send(p, 0);

}

bool isDestinationReachable(Packet *p) {

// Check if destination is reachable (based on DTN criteria)

return checkConnectivity(p->dst());

}

};

  1. Simulate Store-and-Forward Behaviour
  • Buffering Data: To execute a mechanism to defence data at every single node when the connectivity is not obtainable.
  • Forwarding Opportunities: This data would forward when the node are identifies an opportunity, like when other node comes in the communication range.

Example Tcl Script for Store-and-Forward (Simplified):

proc buffer_data {node packet} {

# Buffer the data at the node

set buffer($node) [list $packet]

}

proc forward_data {node next_hop} {

# Forward the buffered data when a connection is available

foreach packet $buffer($node) {

$ns connect $node $next_hop

$ns send $packet

}

}

# Simulate buffering and forwarding

set packet1 “DataPacket1”

buffer_data $node1 $packet1

$ns at 20.0 “forward_data $node1 $node2”

  1. Simulate DTN Scenarios
  • Varying Connectivity: To emulate the scenarios in which connectivity among the nodes is intermittent. For instance, the nodes may only connect as soon as they come near to each other, mimicking a mobile or sparse network.
  • Delay Analysis: Evaluate the delays in data delivery because of the store-and-forward mechanism, and estimate how various routing strategies influence the delay.
  1. Analyse Simulation Results
  • Trace File Analysis: We can use the NS2’s trace files to examine the performance of the DTN. The important parameter that contain delivery ratio, delay, and overhead.
  • Metrics: Assess the metrics such as message delivery success rate, latency, and buffer occupancy.
  1. Optimize and Extend
  • Advanced Routing: Execute extra sophisticated DTN routing protocols such as Prophet or Spray and Wait.
  • Node Mobility: We investigate with various mobility replicas to observe how they influence the performance of the DTN.
  1. Document Your Implementation
  • Documentation: Record the network setup, routing protocols, and performance investigation.
  • Reporting: Make a report if it is for academic or research purposes, describing the methodology, emulation setup, and finally the outcomes.
  1. Advanced Features
  • Security in DTNs: To execute the security mechanisms that to defend data while the long storage times and whereas in transit.
  • Energy Efficiency: Compute the energy-efficient DTN routing protocols, while DTN nodes may have limited battery life.

Overall, we thoroughly briefed via the implementation and analyse process about the Delay Tolerant Networks in ns2.  If needed, we will provide the detailed approach of this topic for you. Get innovative Delay Tolerant Networks   projects topics  with implementation results from ns2projects.com developer, we guide you in execution of your project.