How to Implement Radio Fingerprinting in NS2

To implement Radio fingerprinting in ns2 has needs to follow a series of steps and it is usually a technique that is used to uniquely identify a wireless transmitter according to its physical layer characteristics. These features, often unintentional, like the shape of the transmitted signal, timing jitter, frequency offsets, and modulation imperfections, can be exploited to generate a distinct “fingerprint” for each device. This supports in classifying and authenticating devices, especially to enhance network security and classifying malicious activities.

Though NS2 does not natively support low-level physical-layer characteristics such as timing jitter or signal imperfections, we can replicate radio fingerprinting in NS2 by generating an abstraction. This can be completed by associating each node with a novel fingerprint and make sure that other nodes authenticate or classify nodes based on these fingerprints before accepting or forwarding packets.

Here is a procedure on how to implement Radio fingerprinting in ns2:

Steps to Implement Radio Fingerprinting in NS2

To replicate radio fingerprinting in NS2, we can:

  1. Allocate a unique fingerprint like a unique identifier or pseudo-random sequence to each wireless node.
  2. Execute fingerprint-based identification at the receiver or intermediate nodes.
  3. Drop packets from nodes whose fingerprints mismatch the expected value.
  1. Set up NS2 Environment

Make certain NS2 is installed and properly configured. The fingerprinting will be mimicked at the application layer by associating each node with a unique identifier, and nodes will validate these identifiers when receiving or forwarding packets.

  1. Create a TCL Script for Radio Fingerprinting

Below is a sample TCL script that mimics radio fingerprinting by connecting each node with a distinct fingerprint and needs fingerprint validation before packet acceptance.

Example TCL Script for Radio Fingerprinting:

# Create a new NS2 simulator

set ns [new Simulator]

# Open trace and NAM output files

set tracefile [open radio_fingerprinting.tr w]

$ns trace-all $tracefile

set namfile [open radio_fingerprinting.nam w]

$ns namtrace-all $namfile

# Define wireless network parameters

set val(chan)   Channel/WirelessChannel

set val(prop)   Propagation/TwoRayGround

set val(ant)    Antenna/OmniAntenna

set val(netif)  Phy/WirelessPhy

set val(mac)    Mac/802_11

set val(ifq)    Queue/DropTail/PriQueue

set val(ifqlen) 50

set val(ll)     LL

set val(rp)     AODV                       ;# Use AODV routing protocol

set val(x)      1000

set val(y)      1000

set val(num_nodes) 4                       ;# Number of nodes

# Create topography for the network

set topo [new Topography]

$topo load_flatgrid $val(x) $val(y)

# Configure node parameters

$ns node-config -adhocRouting $val(rp) \

-llType $val(ll) \

-macType $val(mac) \

-ifqType $val(ifq) \

-ifqLen $val(ifqlen) \

-antType $val(ant) \

-propType $val(prop) \

-phyType $val(netif) \

-channelType $val(chan) \

-topoInstance $topo \

-agentTrace ON \

-routerTrace ON \

-macTrace ON

# Create nodes and set initial positions

set node0 [$ns node]  ;# Source node with unique fingerprint

set node1 [$ns node]  ;# Intermediate node 1

set node2 [$ns node]  ;# Intermediate node 2

set node3 [$ns node]  ;# Destination node with fingerprint verification

$node0 set X_ 100

$node0 set Y_ 100

$node0 set Z_ 0

$node1 set X_ 300

$node1 set Y_ 300

$node1 set Z_ 0

$node2 set X_ 500

$node2 set Y_ 500

$node2 set Z_ 0

$node3 set X_ 700

$node3 set Y_ 700

$node3 set Z_ 0

# Assign radio fingerprints to nodes (fingerprints could be unique identifiers or pseudo-random values)

set fingerprints [list “FP_001” “FP_002” “FP_003” “FP_004”]

# Function to assign a fingerprint to a node

proc assign_fingerprint {node_id} {

global fingerprints

return [lindex $fingerprints $node_id]

}

# Function to verify fingerprint at the receiving node

proc verify_fingerprint {received_fingerprint expected_fingerprint} {

if {$received_fingerprint == $expected_fingerprint} {

return 1  ;# Fingerprint matches, packet is valid

} else {

return 0  ;# Fingerprint mismatch, packet is invalid

}

}

# Function to simulate packet sending with fingerprint attached

proc application_layer_send {src_node dst_node msg fingerprint} {

puts “Node $src_node sending packet with fingerprint $fingerprint”

set udp [new Agent/UDP]

$ns attach-agent $src_node $udp

set null [new Agent/Null]

$ns attach-agent $dst_node $null

$ns connect $udp $null

# Send the packet with the attached fingerprint (simplified)

puts “Sending message: $msg with fingerprint: $fingerprint”

return $udp

}

# Function to simulate packet receiving with fingerprint verification

proc application_layer_receive {src_node dst_node received_fingerprint expected_fingerprint} {

if {[verify_fingerprint $received_fingerprint $expected_fingerprint] == 1} {

puts “Node $dst_node received valid packet from Node $src_node with matching fingerprint.”

} else {

puts “Node $dst_node received invalid packet from Node $src_node with fingerprint mismatch.”

}

}

# Assign fingerprints to nodes

set fingerprint0 [assign_fingerprint 0]

set fingerprint1 [assign_fingerprint 1]

set fingerprint2 [assign_fingerprint 2]

set fingerprint3 [assign_fingerprint 3]

# Simulate traffic from node0 to node3 via node1 and node2

set udp0 [application_layer_send $node0 $node3 “Hello from Node 0!” $fingerprint0]

# Intermediate nodes (node1 and node2) just forward the packet with its fingerprint

set udp1 [new Agent/UDP]

$ns attach-agent $node1 $udp1

set null1 [new Agent/Null]

$ns attach-agent $node2 $null1

$ns connect $udp1 $null1

set udp2 [new Agent/UDP]

$ns attach-agent $node2 $udp2

set null2 [new Agent/Null]

$ns attach-agent $node3 $null2

$ns connect $udp2 $null2

# Destination node (node3) verifies the fingerprint upon receiving the packet

$ns at 2.0 “application_layer_receive 0 3 $fingerprint0 $fingerprint3”

# Schedule simulation end

$ns at 10.0 “finish”

# Finish procedure to close trace and NAM files

proc finish {} {

global ns tracefile namfile

$ns flush-trace

close $tracefile

close $namfile

exec nam radio_fingerprinting.nam &

exit 0

}

# Run the simulation

$ns run

  1. Explanation of Key Components
  • Radio Fingerprints: The fingerprints list allocates a distinct fingerprint to each node (e.g., “FP_001” for node0, “FP_002” for node1, etc.). These fingerprints are used to mimic the radio fingerprinting process.
  • Packet Transmission: The function application_layer_send sends a packet from the source node, attaching the node’s fingerprint to it. Intermediate nodes simply forward the packet without adapting the fingerprint.
  • Fingerprint Verification: The destination node (node3) validates the fingerprint using the verify_fingerprint function to make sure the packet originates from the correct sender.
  • Intermediate Nodes: In this simulation, intermediate nodes simply forward the packet without decrypting or adjusting it. In a real-world scenario, they might behave forwarding nodes, nevertheless in this abstraction, they forward the “fingerprinted” message.
  1. Run the Simulation

Save the script as radio_fingerprinting.tcl and executed it in NS2:

ns radio_fingerprinting.tcl

Once the simulation done, we can envision the traffic using NAM:

nam radio_fingerprinting.nam

  1. Simulation Output

During the simulation, the console will display messages that show the transmission of packets with attached fingerprints and whether they were successfully validated at the destination:

csharp

Node 0 sending packet with fingerprint FP_001

Sending message: Hello from Node 0! With fingerprint: FP_001

Node 3 received valid packet from Node 0 with matching fingerprint.

If there is a fingerprint does not match, the destination node will reject the packet:

csharp

Node 3 received invalid packet from Node 0 with fingerprint mismatch.

  1. Advanced Features for Radio Fingerprinting

We can expand this simulation by adding more advanced features:

  • Dynamic Fingerprints: Rather than static fingerprints mimic to changing fingerprints according to environmental conditions or node behavior.
  • Fingerprint Spoofing: Establish nodes that try to spoof another node’s fingerprint and validates on how the system manages such attacks.
  • Signal-Based Fingerprints: In a more detailed physical layer simulation, we could model real-world radio features such as signal strength, modulation, or timing to make more realistic radio fingerprints.

Through this page, we gather the unique information about how to execute and analyse the outcomes for radio fingerprinting in ns2 tool and we plan to provide more information regarding radio fingerprinting performance in other simulation tools.

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